Pain Relief for Dogs: Your Options

Disease and discomfort are common in dogs, unfortunately. It's part of life for our four-legged friends, but there are things we humans can do to provide pain relief for dogs.

This article offers a high level overview of medications commonly used for treating pain dogs, as well as complementary treatments used with various methods of pain relief for canines. You'll also find more detailed resources linked in the sections that pertain to your dog's situation.

Pain Relief for Dogs by Issue

Pain medication for dogs can be broken down into a few categories based on your pet's specific points of pain.

Key Types of Pain in Dogs Include:

• Musculoskeletal Issues
  (e.g., arthritis, hip dysplasia, IVDD, injuries, sprains)

• Infections and Inflammation
  (e.g., ear infections, UTIs, dental issues, gastrointestinal problems)

• Neurological and Nerve Pain
  (e.g., neuropathic pain, spinal issues, cancer)

• Systemic Conditions
  (e.g., pancreatitis, cancer, allergies, surgical pain)

This article looks at pain meds, natural and prescribed, that can help dogs with particular issues. Never give your dog human medications. Always use options formulated for pets or specifically recommended by your veterinarian.

At the bottom of the article, we'll also look at milder pain relief for dogs experiencing discomfort that might not reach the pain levels found in the conditions listed in the four categories above.

Pain Relief for Musculoskeletal Issues in Dogs

The key musculoskeletal causes of pain in dogs are arthritis, hip dysplasia, IVDD, injuries, and sprains. Note that pain relief addresses symptoms of these conditions but doesn't cure the conditions themselves.

Still, making your dog more comfortable in the throes of severe arthritic pain can drastically improve their quality of life. Some of these methods are known to control pain, while others can relieve some of the discomfort as a complementary option.

The Following Options are Common for Most Musculoskeletal Pain in Dogs

Inflammation is the key cause of musculoskeletal pain in dogs because it triggers numerous other painful responses.

Excess inflammation causes swelling that puts pressure on tissues and nerves, releases chemicals that increase sensitivity to pain, limits movement which puts strain on lesser-used muscles, and accelerates the breakdown of cartilage and bone.

Most of the pain medication or relief options below address either inflammation or aim to reduce the pain signals in your dog's nervous system.

NonSteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDS)

NSAIDs inhibit inflammatory enzymes that promote inflammation and pain. The ultimate goal of these drugs is to mitigate the excess inflammation in your dog's body.

1. Carprofen

Function: Carprofen primarily inhibits the COX-2 enzyme which is a key player in inflammation.

Dosage: A dosage of 4.4 mg per pound is the typical daily dose of Carprofen for dogs, but that is cut in half to a "maintenance dose" after 1-2 days, depending on the dog's condition.

Over The Counter Availability: prescription medication, not available OTC.

Side Effects: Carprofen influences the COX-1 enzyme as well as the COX-2 enzyme, and inhibiting the former can cause gastrointestinal issues which is why it should be taken with food.

2. Meloxicam

Function: Meloxicam selectively inhibits COX-2 to reduce inflammation and pain with less impact on COX-1.

Dosage: The typical starting dose is 0.09 mg per pound (0.2 mg/kg) on day 1, followed by 0.045 mg per pound (0.1 mg/kg) once daily for maintenance.

Over The Counter Availability: Prescription medication, not available OTC.

Side Effects: Can cause gastrointestinal issues, kidney, or liver problems, especially with long-term use, and should be taken with food.

Opioids

Opioids can be used for moderate to severe pain in arthritic dogs. Never give your dog opioids made for humans. These medications are strictly reserved as prescription medications from your veterinarian. If you give your dog opioids designed for humans, there is a high chance of overdose and even death.

Opioids are an option commonly used to control pain when it's overbearing or severe.

1. Tramadol

Function: Tramadol functions by binding to opioid receptors and also inhibiting the reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine. Binding to opioid receptors helps block transmission of pain receptors, whereas inhibiting reuptake of dopamine and serotonin allows more of those neurotransmitters to remain active in the system and relieve pain.

Dosage: The typical dosage of tramadol for dogs ranges from 1 to 5 mg per pound (2 to 11 mg per kg) of body weight, administered every 8 to 12 hours, depending on the severity of pain and the veterinarian's recommendation.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Never give your dog opioids not prescribed by your vet.

Side Effects: Tramadol can cause sedation, gastrointestinal issues, and behavioral changes due to its impact on neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine, which affect mood and digestion. Rare side effects like seizures or tremors occur because tramadol also interacts with opioid receptors, potentially lowering the seizure threshold or affecting the nervous system.

2. Hydrocodone

Function: Hydrocodone is an opioid that binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord to block pain signals, providing relief for moderate to severe pain.

Dosage: The typical dosage of hydrocodone for dogs is 0.2 to 0.5 mg per pound (0.5 to 1.1 mg per kg) of body weight, administered every 6 to 12 hours as needed, based on the severity of pain and the veterinarian's recommendation.

3. Fentanyl

Function: Fentanyl is a powerful synthetic opioid that binds to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, offering potent relief for severe pain, including that associated with arthritis or surgery.

Dosage: Fentanyl is typically administered via a patch that releases the drug slowly over 72 hours; dosages are determined based on the dog's size and pain level, with veterinary supervision.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Fentanyl is a potent opioid available only through prescription and is regulated as a controlled substance.

Side Effects: Common side effects include sedation, constipation, and, in rare cases, respiratory depression. Close monitoring is essential due to the high potency and risk of overdose.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Hydrocodone is a controlled substance and is available only with a prescription from a veterinarian.

Side Effects: Hydrocodone can cause sedation, constipation, and vomiting, and prolonged use may lead to tolerance or dependence. It should be used with caution in dogs with respiratory issues.

4. Buprenorphine

Function: Buprenorphine is a partial opioid agonist that binds to opioid receptors to provide pain relief, offering a longer duration of action and generally fewer side effects compared to full opioids.

Dosage: The typical dosage of buprenorphine for dogs is 0.01 to 0.02 mg per pound (0.02 to 0.05 mg per kg), administered every 6 to 12 hours, depending on the dog's condition and response to the medication.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Buprenorphine is a controlled substance and can only be prescribed by a veterinarian.

Side Effects: Buprenorphine is less likely to cause severe side effects like sedation or respiratory depression, but mild sedation, nausea, or constipation may still occur.

5. Morphine

Function: Morphine is a potent opioid that works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord, blocking pain signals and providing strong relief for moderate to severe pain.

Dosage: The typical dosage of morphine for dogs ranges from 0.1 to 0.5 mg per pound (0.2 to 1.1 mg per kg), administered every 4 to 6 hours, based on the severity of pain and veterinary recommendation.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Morphine is a controlled substance and requires a prescription from a veterinarian.

Side Effects: Morphine can cause sedation, constipation, nausea, and respiratory depression. It should be carefully monitored, especially for dogs with preexisting respiratory issues or those on other sedatives.

Natural Relief Options

Natural remedies aim to support joint health, reduce inflammation, and improve mobility without the use of pharmaceuticals. They are often used in conjunction with other drugs or as a milder alternative.

1. CBD Oil

Function: CBD oil has helped countless dogs as a natural support for relief from occasional joint discomfort. It interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to support dogs with symptoms of light to moderate pain and inflammation.

Dosage: Dosage varies based on the dog’s size and the product’s concentration, but a typical starting dose is 1 to 2 mg of CBD per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available over-the-counter in pet stores and online, but it should be specifically formulated for pets.

Side Effects: CBD is generally well-tolerated, but side effects may include drowsiness or gastrointestinal upset. Always choose full-spectrum CBD oil formulated specifically for pets.

2. Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Function: Chondroitin and glucosamine are natural joint supplements help support joint health by promoting cartilage repair and reducing inflammation, often used for dogs with osteoarthritis.

Dosage: The typical dosage ranges from 500 to 1,000 mg of glucosamine and 200 to 400 mg of chondroitin, depending on the dog’s weight, typically given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, widely available as supplements in pet stores and online.

Side Effects: Generally safe, though some dogs may experience mild gastrointestinal upset, especially at higher doses.

3. Turmeric

Function: Turmeric contains curcumin, a compound known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, which may help reduce joint pain and stiffness in dogs with arthritis.

Dosage: A typical dosage for turmeric is 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight, added to food once or twice daily. It is often combined with black pepper to enhance absorption.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available as powder, capsules, or treats specifically formulated for pets.

Side Effects: Turmeric is generally safe but may cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some dogs, especially if given in large quantities. Should be used with caution in dogs with gallbladder issues or those on blood-thinning medications.

Pain Relief for Infections and Gastrointestinal Problems in Dogs

Infections and gastrointestinal issues can cause a range of painful symptoms in dogs, including fever, discomfort, abdominal cramping, bloating, vomiting, diarrhea, and even reduced appetite. While treating the underlying infection or gastrointestinal disorder is essential for long-term recovery, pain relief is often necessary to manage acute symptoms and improve the dog's comfort.

The Following Options are Common for Most Infections and Gastrointestinal Pain in Dogs

Inflammation and infection often go hand in hand, especially in gastrointestinal issues where inflammation of the stomach lining or intestines (gastritis, colitis, etc.) can be exacerbated by infection.

Pain relief for these conditions typically focuses on reducing inflammation, controlling nausea, and soothing the digestive tract.

Antibiotics (for Bacterial Infections)

Function: Antibiotics treat bacterial infections by inhibiting bacterial growth or killing bacteria directly. While antibiotics don't relieve pain directly, they address the infection causing pain. Common GI infections (e.g., from E. coli or Clostridium) or urinary tract infections often require antibiotic treatment.

1. Amoxicillin

Dosage: Typically 5 to 10 mg per pound (10 to 20 mg/kg) every 8 to 12 hours.

Side Effects: Diarrhea, vomiting, or allergic reactions. Always monitor for gastrointestinal upset.

1. Metronidazole

Dosage: 5 mg per pound (10 mg/kg) every 8 to 12 hours for 5-7 days.

Side Effects: Can cause nausea, diarrhea, or neurological side effects such as seizures in rare cases.

Antifungals (for Fungal Infections)

If a fungal infection (such as Candida or Histoplasmosis) is the underlying cause, antifungal medication is prescribed. These drugs help alleviate infection-related pain by eliminating the fungal source.

1. Itraconazole

Dosage: 2.5 to 5 mg per pound (5-10 mg/kg) once daily.

Side Effects: Liver enzyme changes, nausea, or anorexia.

2. Fluconazole

Dosage: 2.5 mg per pound (5 mg/kg) daily.

Side Effects: May cause gastrointestinal upset and liver toxicity in rare cases.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs can reduce inflammation and relieve pain, especially in gastrointestinal distress related to infection or inflammation. They are commonly used when inflammation in the GI tract or related to other infections is a factor.

1. Carprofen

• Dosage: 4.4 mg per pound (10 mg/kg) daily, with a possible reduction after the first 1-2 days depending on the dog's condition.

• Side Effects: Stomach ulcers, vomiting, diarrhea, or kidney issues. Always administer with food.

2. Meloxicam

• Dosage: 0.09 mg per pound (0.2 mg/kg) on day one, followed by 0.045 mg per pound (0.1 mg/kg) once daily.

• Side Effects: May cause vomiting, loss of appetite, and gastrointestinal upset.

Antiemetics (to Control Nausea and Vomiting)

Infections and gastrointestinal problems often cause nausea and vomiting. Antiemetic drugs help relieve these symptoms, allowing the dog to keep food down and preventing dehydration.

1. Maropitant (Cerenia)

• Dosage: 1 mg per pound (2 mg/kg) of body weight, typically once a day.

• Side Effects: Lethargy, diarrhea, or decreased appetite.

2. Ondansetron

• Dosage: 0.1 to 0.2 mg per pound (0.2 to 0.5 mg/kg) every 8 hours.

• Side Effects: Generally well-tolerated, though some dogs may experience constipation or sedation.

Antacids and Proton Pump Inhibitors (PPIs)

These medications help reduce stomach acid production, alleviating pain caused by ulcers or gastritis, which can often accompany infections or gastrointestinal distress.

1. Famotidine (Pepcid)

Dosage: 0.25 to 0.5 mg per pound (0.5 to 1 mg/kg) every 12-24 hours.

Side Effects: Very few side effects, but overuse can cause changes in stomach acidity, leading to other gastrointestinal issues.

2. Omeprazole (Prilosec)

Dosage: 0.25 mg per pound (0.5 mg/kg) once a day.

Side Effects: Can cause mild gastrointestinal upset, especially if taken for extended periods.

Natural Pain Relief Options for GI and Infection-Related Discomfort

1. Probiotics

Function: Probiotics help balance gut bacteria, improving gastrointestinal health and potentially soothing an upset stomach caused by infection or antibiotic treatment.

Dosage: 1 to 2 capsules (depending on the product and dog's size) once daily, or as recommended by a veterinarian.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, widely available in pet stores and online.

Side Effects: Generally safe, though some dogs may experience mild bloating or gas during the first few days of use.

2. Slippery Elm

Function: Slippery elm is a natural remedy known for its soothing properties for gastrointestinal inflammation. It helps coat and protect the stomach and intestines, reducing irritation caused by infections.

Dosage: 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight, 2 to 3 times daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, in supplement form or as a powder.

Side Effects: Generally safe, though it may cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some dogs. Should be used cautiously in dogs on other medications, as it may interfere with absorption.

1. CBD Oil

Function: CBD interacts with the body's endocannabinoid system to support dogs with symptoms of light to moderate pain and inflammation. It can be very effective for some dogs, depending on the severity of the condition.

Dosage: Dosage varies based on the dog’s size and the product’s concentration, but a typical starting dose is 1 to 2 mg of CBD per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available over-the-counter in pet stores and online, but it should be specifically formulated for pets.

Side Effects: CBD is generally well-tolerated, but side effects may include drowsiness or gastrointestinal upset. Always choose full-spectrum CBD oil formulated specifically for pets.

4. Pumpkin

Function: Pumpkin is often used to soothe digestive issues, especially diarrhea or constipation. It’s a high-fiber food that can help regulate bowel movements and ease gastrointestinal discomfort.

Dosage: 1 to 2 tablespoons per 10 pounds of body weight, mixed with food.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, canned pumpkin or pureed pumpkin is available in most pet stores.

Side Effects: Safe for most dogs, though too much can cause bloating or diarrhea. It’s best to introduce slowly.

Pain Relief for Neurological and Nerve Pain in Dogs

Neurological and nerve pain in dogs is often caused by conditions such as degenerative myelopathy, spinal cord injuries, nerve root compression, or other disorders affecting the nervous system.

This type of pain is typically sharp, burning, or shooting in nature, and can cause significant discomfort, affecting a dog's mobility and overall quality of life.

Unlike musculoskeletal pain, which is generally related to inflammation in joints and muscles, neurological pain stems from damage or dysfunction in the nervous system, making it more challenging to treat and manage effectively.

The Following Options are Common for Most Neurological and Nerve Pain in Dogs

Medications that specifically target the nervous system, such as pain relievers, anticonvulsants, and nerve-specific medications, are often prescribed to manage this type of pain. In many cases, nerve pain may require a complex treatment plan to achieve effective pain relief.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are often used to treat pain and inflammation caused by conditions like IVDD, which compresses spinal nerves. While these drugs can help with pain relief, they are more effective at addressing the inflammation that can be exacerbating the pain rather than directly treating nerve damage.

1. Carprofen

Function: Carprofen is commonly used to address inflammation in the nervous system, especially for dogs with conditions like IVDD.

Dosage: The typical starting dose is 4.4 mg per pound (10 mg/kg) daily, with the dose often reduced after the first few days based on the dog's response to the medication.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Carprofen can cause gastrointestinal upset, including vomiting or diarrhea, and in some cases, it may lead to kidney or liver issues. It should be given with food to minimize these risks.

2. Meloxicam

Function: Meloxicam works by selectively inhibiting the COX-2 enzyme, which helps reduce inflammation and associated pain, especially in cases of neurological discomfort due to spinal conditions or nerve compression.

Dosage: Typically starts at 0.09 mg per pound (0.2 mg/kg) on day one, followed by 0.045 mg per pound (0.1 mg/kg) once daily.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Meloxicam may cause gastrointestinal distress, as well as potential kidney or liver damage, especially with long-term use.

Opioids

Opioids may be prescribed for moderate to severe neurological pain. These medications help block pain signals in the brain and spinal cord. However, opioids should always be used under strict veterinary supervision due to the risk of addiction and side effects, particularly in long-term use.

1. Tramadol

Function: Tramadol works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain and spinal cord while also increasing the levels of certain neurotransmitters like serotonin and norepinephrine to help manage pain.

Dosage: The usual dosage for tramadol ranges from 1 to 5 mg per pound (2 to 11 mg per kg), administered every 8 to 12 hours depending on the severity of pain and veterinary guidance.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Tramadol can cause drowsiness, gastrointestinal upset, and changes in behavior, including agitation or lethargy. It may also interact with other medications, so it’s important to follow your vet’s dosage recommendations.

Anticonvulsants and Neuropathic Pain Meds

These drugs are particularly useful for dogs with nerve pain related to conditions like spinal cord injuries, IVDD, or conditions that involve nerve damage or abnormal firing of nerve signals, such as seizures or neuropathy.

1. Gabapentin

Function: Gabapentin works by stabilizing nerve activity, preventing the abnormal firing of pain signals, and is commonly used in dogs with neuropathic pain or conditions like IVDD.

Dosage: The typical starting dose is 5 mg per pound (10 mg/kg) every 8 hours. Dosing may be adjusted depending on the dog’s response to the medication.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Gabapentin is generally well-tolerated, though side effects can include sedation, dizziness, or mild gastrointestinal upset. It is typically safe for long-term use but should be tapered off under veterinary supervision.

2. Pregabalin

Function: Pregabalin, a drug similar to gabapentin, works by inhibiting the release of neurotransmitters that transmit pain signals, making it effective for neuropathic pain.

Dosage: The typical dose is 1 to 2 mg per pound (2 to 5 mg per kg) every 12 hours.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Pregabalin can cause mild sedation, dizziness, or in some cases, appetite changes and weight gain. Long-term use may require monitoring of kidney and liver function.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone may be used for conditions causing nerve inflammation, such as spinal cord injury or nerve compression. These drugs work by reducing inflammation around nerves, which can relieve pain and swelling.

1. Prednisone

Function: Prednisone is often prescribed to reduce swelling and inflammation around the spinal cord or nerves in cases like IVDD or nerve injury.

Dosage: The typical starting dose is 0.5 to 1 mg per pound (1 to 2 mg per kg) once daily, tapering as recommended by the vet.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Long-term use of prednisone can lead to side effects like increased thirst, urination, appetite changes, and potential liver or kidney issues. It should be used cautiously and under veterinary supervision.

Natural Relief Options for Neurological and Nerve Pain

Natural remedies can offer additional support for managing neurological pain and may be used in conjunction with pharmaceutical treatments. While these options are not meant to replace traditional pain meds, they may help alleviate discomfort and support nerve health over time.

1. CBD Oil

Function: CBD oil is a natural option that has shown to be well-tolerated in dogs with very powerful results in some cases. It operates by supporting the dog's endocannabinoid system.

Dosage: Dosage varies based on the dog’s size and the product’s concentration, but a typical starting dose is 1 to 2 mg of CBD per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available over-the-counter in pet stores and online, but it should be specifically formulated for pets.

Side Effects: CBD is generally well-tolerated, but side effects may include drowsiness or gastrointestinal upset. Always choose full-spectrum CBD oil formulated specifically for pets.

2. Turmeric

Function: Turmeric, particularly its active compound curcumin, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce the inflammation associated with nerve pain.

Dosage: A typical dose is 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight, added to food once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available in powder form, capsules, or treats made for pets.

Side Effects: Generally safe for most dogs, though it can cause gastrointestinal upset if given in large quantities. It should be used cautiously in dogs with gallbladder issues or those on blood-thinning medications.

3. Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Function: While primarily known for joint health, glucosamine and chondroitin may help support nerve function and reduce pain caused by compression or degeneration of spinal discs.

Dosage: Typical doses range from 500 to 1,000 mg of glucosamine and 200 to 400 mg of chondroitin, depending on the dog's weight.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available in pet stores and online.

Side Effects: These supplements are generally safe, but some dogs may experience mild gastrointestinal upset, particularly if they are given in high doses.

4. Methylsulfonylmethane (MSM)

Function: MSM is an organic sulfur compound that may help reduce inflammation and support tissue repair, potentially easing nerve pain caused by degeneration or injury.

Dosage: The typical dosage is 250 to 500 mg per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available in supplement form at pet stores and online.

Side Effects: MSM is typically safe, but some dogs may experience mild gastrointestinal upset, including diarrhea or bloating. Always consult with your vet before starting any new supplement regimen.

Pain Relief for Systemic Conditions in Dogs

Systemic conditions like pancreatitis, cancer, allergies, and post-surgical pain in dogs can cause significant discomfort and require specialized approaches to pain management. These conditions affect the body as a whole, often leading to chronic pain, inflammation, and other debilitating symptoms.

Pain relief for systemic conditions is not only about reducing the pain but also about managing the underlying causes of discomfort, which can be complex and multifactorial, especially in older dogs.

It is important to tailor pain management strategies to the specific condition in order to provide the most effective relief and improve your dog’s quality of life.

The Following Options are Common for Most Systemic Conditions in Dogs

Pain control for systemic conditions often focuses on reducing inflammation, managing immune system responses, controlling pain signals, and promoting overall comfort.

NSAIDs, opioids, corticosteroids, and adjunctive medications may be used to manage pain, while other treatments like chemotherapy or immunosuppressive drugs are necessary for the underlying condition.

Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are frequently prescribed to address the inflammation associated with systemic conditions such as pancreatitis, allergies, and cancer, which can cause pain in various parts of the body. These can be effective medications when controlling the swelling and discomfort caused by inflammatory processes. However, caution is needed when using NSAIDs for dogs with compromised organ function, such as those with liver or kidney issues.

1. Carprofen

Function: Carprofen works by inhibiting COX-2 enzymes, reducing inflammation and associated pain, especially for conditions like pancreatitis and post-surgical recovery.

Dosage: Typically dosed at 4.4 mg per pound (10 mg/kg) once daily, with the possibility of reducing the dose after 1-2 days.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Common side effects include gastrointestinal upset (vomiting, diarrhea) and possible liver or kidney stress with long-term use. It should be given with food.

2. Meloxicam

Function: Meloxicam is another NSAID that selectively inhibits COX-2 to reduce inflammation and pain, commonly used in managing pain from systemic conditions like cancer and allergies.

Dosage: A typical initial dose is 0.09 mg per pound (0.2 mg/kg), followed by 0.045 mg per pound (0.1 mg/kg) once daily.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Possible side effects include gastrointestinal irritation, liver, or kidney problems, particularly with prolonged use.

Opioids

Opioids are often prescribed for dogs with moderate to severe pain from systemic conditions like cancer or post-surgical recovery. These medications help block pain signals in the brain and spinal cord, providing significant relief for conditions with high levels of pain.

1. Tramadol

Function: Tramadol works by binding to opioid receptors in the brain while also increasing levels of serotonin and norepinephrine to help alleviate pain. It is frequently used for cancer pain, post-surgical pain, and pain from pancreatitis.

Dosage: Typically dosed at 1 to 5 mg per pound (2 to 11 mg per kg) every 8 to 12 hours, depending on the severity of the pain and veterinary recommendation.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Tramadol can cause sedation, gastrointestinal upset, and changes in behavior (such as agitation or lethargy). Rare side effects include tremors and seizures.

2. Fentanyl

Function: Fentanyl is a potent opioid used for severe pain, such as cancer pain or intense post-surgical pain. It is typically administered via a patch that releases the drug gradually.

Dosage: Fentanyl patches are dosed according to the dog’s weight and the severity of the pain, with dosages adjusted by the veterinarian. The patch typically lasts for 72 hours.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Common side effects include sedation, constipation, and respiratory depression. Close monitoring is needed to avoid overdose, especially in dogs with compromised breathing or organ function.

Corticosteroids

Corticosteroids, such as prednisone or dexamethasone, are often used to manage inflammation, pain, and immune responses in systemic conditions such as cancer, allergies, or pancreatitis. They work by suppressing the body’s inflammatory and immune responses, providing relief from swelling and pain.

1. Prednisone

Function: Prednisone is often used in cases of cancer, autoimmune diseases, and pancreatitis to reduce inflammation, swelling, and pain. It is also used post-surgically to help control inflammation.

Dosage: The typical dosage for prednisone is 0.5 to 1 mg per pound (1 to 2 mg/kg) once daily, tapered down depending on the dog’s response.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Long-term use of prednisone can cause side effects such as increased thirst and urination, weight gain, and potential liver or kidney damage. It should be used cautiously in dogs with pre-existing health issues.

2. Dexamethasone

Function: Dexamethasone is a corticosteroid similar to prednisone but is often more potent. It is commonly prescribed for dogs with cancer, autoimmune diseases, and allergic reactions that result in severe inflammation and pain.

Dosage: Typically dosed at 0.1 to 0.3 mg per pound (0.25 to 0.75 mg/kg) once daily, with gradual tapering as recommended by the veterinarian.

Over The Counter Availability: No. Prescription required.

Side Effects: Side effects include gastrointestinal upset, increased thirst and hunger, and long-term risk of kidney failure or liver failure.

Natural Relief Options for Systemic Conditions

Natural remedies can complement conventional pain relief medications by helping reduce inflammation and supporting overall health. While these remedies are generally less potent than pharmaceutical options, they may provide mild relief and support for managing chronic pain in systemic conditions.

1. CBD Oil

Function: CBD oil is an excellent option to support dogs with the symptoms of occasional joint discomfort, difficulty standing, walking, and more. Studies are still ongoing, but results show that CBD oil is well-tolerated by dogs and can be a great option to explore.

Dosage: Dosage varies based on the dog’s size and the product’s concentration, but a typical starting dose is 1 to 2 mg of CBD per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes, available over-the-counter in pet stores and online, but it should be specifically formulated for pets.

Side Effects: CBD is generally well-tolerated, but side effects may include drowsiness or gastrointestinal upset. Always choose full-spectrum CBD oil formulated specifically for pets.

2. Turmeric

Function: Turmeric, specifically its active compound curcumin, has powerful anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that can help reduce pain from systemic conditions like cancer and pancreatitis.

Dosage: A typical dosage is 1/4 to 1/2 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight, given once or twice daily. It is often combined with black pepper to enhance absorption.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes. Available in powder form, capsules, or pet-specific treats.

Side Effects: Generally safe, but it can cause mild gastrointestinal upset in some dogs, especially if given in high doses. Should be used cautiously in dogs with gallbladder problems or on blood-thinning medications.

3. Probiotics

Function: Probiotics support the digestive health of dogs suffering from pancreatitis or post-surgical recovery. By balancing the gut microbiome, probiotics can help reduce inflammation, improve digestion, and prevent diarrhea or constipation, common side effects of systemic conditions and medications.

Dosage: The dosage depends on the specific probiotic formulation, but generally, 1 to 2 capsules daily is recommended for small dogs, with larger doses for larger dogs.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes. Available at pet stores and online.

Side Effects: Probiotics are generally safe but can cause mild bloating, gas, or diarrhea in some dogs during the initial use.

4. Slippery Elm

Function: Slippery elm is a natural herb known for its ability to soothe inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract, making it useful for conditions like pancreatitis, gastrointestinal upset, or post-surgical healing.

Dosage: The typical dosage is 1/8 to 1/4 teaspoon per 10 pounds of body weight, 2 to 3 times daily.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes. Available as powder or capsule form, both for humans and pets.

Side Effects: Slippery elm is generally safe but may cause mild gastrointestinal upset, such as bloating or diarrhea, if given in excess. Always monitor your dog closely when using new supplements.

5. Glucosamine and Chondroitin

Function: These natural supplements are commonly used for joint health but can also support systemic healing by reducing inflammation in tissues affected by systemic conditions like cancer or arthritis.

Dosage: A typical dosage is 500 to 1,000 mg of glucosamine and 200 to 400 mg of chondroitin, given once or twice daily, depending on the dog’s weight.

Over The Counter Availability: Yes. Available in pet stores and online.

Alternatives to Pain Medication for Your Dog's Pain Management

There are some non-medication pain management options for you to use as complementary options to your veterinarian's prescribed methods. Below are a few of them, and they're options to discuss with your vet as they may not be the right fit for every dog.

1. Physical Therapy

Physical therapy is a powerful method that can relieve pain over time by improving the strength and flexibility of your dog's body. Movement is a powerful healer, but it can be damaging when too much movement is done too early.

That's why professional support for your dog's bodily healing is very important. Discuss physical therapy with your veterinarian to explore your options.

2. Cold Therapy

Cold therapy, using a cold compress or ice pack, can reduce inflammation and numb painful areas, making it ideal for acute injuries, sprains, or post-surgical recovery. Apply the cold compress for 10-15 minutes at a time, ensuring the ice is wrapped in a cloth to avoid direct contact with your dog's skin, which can cause frostbite.

3. Massage

Gentle massage can help relieve tension in muscles, improve circulation, and promote relaxation. A calm, steady massage of affected areas can also help reduce the pain associated with arthritis, muscle stiffness, or even anxiety-related discomfort. Ensure the massage is light and non-invasive, as vigorous pressure can worsen pain.

4. Orthopedic Bedding

Orthopedic beds are designed to provide firm support for dogs with joint issues, arthritis, or musculoskeletal pain. These beds help alleviate pressure on the joints, reduce discomfort, and improve sleep quality. Look for memory foam beds, which can contour to your dog's body shape, providing additional comfort.

5. Gentle Exercise

Gentle, low-impact exercises, like short walks or light stretching, can maintain mobility and prevent the muscles and joints from becoming too stiff. Be mindful of your dog's limits—too much exercise can worsen pain, while too little can lead to stiffness and loss of strength.

Regular but controlled activity can help with both pain relief and overall mobility. You may be surprised to find that your dog can climb stairs or jump into the car again as you gradually improve their mobility through activity. Losing weight is a side effect of this method, and weight loss can help relieve pain as well. 

6. Epsom Salt Soaks

Soaking affected areas, such as paws or joints, in warm water with Epsom salts can help reduce inflammation and soothe muscle soreness. The magnesium in Epsom salts may also support muscle relaxation. Always supervise your dog during the soak and ensure the water temperature is warm but not too hot to avoid burns.

7. Acupressure/Acupuncture

Acupressure and acupuncture are alternative therapies that can help manage pain, reduce inflammation, and promote healing by targeting specific points on the body. While acupressure can be done at home by gently pressing on particular points, acupuncture should be performed by a licensed veterinarian trained in this technique.

8. Dietary Adjustments

Supplements such as omega-3 fatty acids (found in fish oil), glucosamine, and turmeric are known for their anti-inflammatory properties and can support joint health. Adding these supplements to your dog's diet may help manage chronic pain associated with conditions like arthritis or other inflammatory issues. Always consult your vet before adding supplements to ensure they are safe and beneficial for your dog.

9. Environmental Modifications

Making changes to your dog's environment can help minimize pain and prevent further injury. Non-slip rugs or mats on floors, ramps to avoid stairs, and easy access to favorite resting spots can reduce stress on joints and muscles. Additionally, keeping the environment calm and comfortable can help with pain management, especially for dogs with chronic conditions.

10. Warm Compresses

Applying a warm compress to your dog’s sore muscles or joints can help relax tight areas and increase blood flow. Heat therapy like this is particularly useful for alleviating discomfort associated with stiffness or minor muscle injuries. Make sure the compress is not too hot to avoid burns—lukewarm to slightly warm temperatures are ideal.

What to Do if Your Dog is in Severe Pain

If your dog is in severe pain, regardless of the cause, it's time to call your veterinarian. You should visit your vet as soon as possible to provide some relief for your dog and ensure that you and your vet's team are doing everything you can do to ease their pain while their underlying issues get resolved.

More severe pain is something you should always work closely with your veterinarian to address. They can help keep your dog comfortable while you look into the finer details of their pain's root causes.

We hope this article has been helpful on your journey to find relief for your dog. If you're interested in learning more about natural remedies that can help dogs, explore our blog for more articles on pain relief, solutions, and general tips & tricks for dog owners.