Understanding Cat Arthritis

Arthritis, also known as degenerative joint disease, is a common yet often under-recognized condition in cats. This ailment involves the deterioration of joint cartilage leading to painful joints and chronic pain.

This article covers arthritis in cats, the signs and symptoms, diagnostic methods, and various treatment options.

Understanding Arthritis in Cats

Feline osteoarthritis is a progressive condition characterized by the degeneration of cartilage within one or more joints, leading to inflammation and pain. The condition can affect any joint but is most commonly diagnosed in the hip joints, knees, elbows, and spine.

Over time, the joint's cartilage wears down and new bone formations known as osteophytes can develop. This contributes to the stiffness and discomfort experienced by affected cats.

What Causes Arthritis in Cats?

Below are some of the primary causes of arthritis in cats:

1. Age

As cats age, the wear and tear on their joints over time can lead to the breakdown of cartilage and the development of arthritis.

Most cats develop some degree of arthritis as they become geriatric, typically around the age of 12 years and older. This natural degeneration process is a common cause of arthritis in older cats.

2. Genetics

Certain breeds of cats are more predisposed to developing arthritis due to genetic factors. For instance, breeds like Maine Coons, Scottish Folds, and Siamese cats have higher incidences of joint-related issues, including hip dysplasia and patellar luxation.

3. Obesity

Obesity is a significant risk factor for arthritis in cats. Overweight cats carry extra weight that puts additional stress on their joints, particularly the hips and knees.

This added strain can accelerate the wear and tear on the cartilage, leading to the development and progression of arthritis. Overweight cats are also less likely to be active, which can further exacerbate joint stiffness and pain.

4. Joint Injury

Previous injuries to a cat's joints can result in arthritis. Traumatic events such as fractures, dislocations, or severe sprains can damage the cartilage and joint structure.

Even after the initial injury has healed, the affected joint may develop secondary osteoarthritis due to the lingering effects of the trauma.

5. Secondary Arthritis

This condition develops as a result of other underlying conditions affecting the joints. For instance, cats with hip dysplasia, elbow dysplasia, or other orthopedic conditions are at increased risk of developing secondary arthritis due to the abnormal mechanics and stress placed on the joints. 

Treatment for Arthritis in Cats

NSAIDs are most commonly used to reduce inflammation and pain. However, not all cats tolerate NSAIDs well, and long-term use requires careful monitoring by a veterinarian to avoid potential side effects such as gastrointestinal issues and kidney damage.

Other Medications:

• Analgesics: Medications like gabapentin and tramadol can be prescribed to manage chronic pain. These drugs are particularly useful for neuropathic pain and can be used alongside NSAIDs.

• Corticosteroids: In some cases, corticosteroids may be used for their potent anti-inflammatory effects, though their use is generally limited due to potential side effects with long-term use.

Nutritional Supplements

CBD Oil: CBD oil for cats can support symptoms of arthritis by working with the endocannabinoid system to encourage healthy joint function and increased mobility.

Glucosamine and Chondroitin: These dietary supplements help support cartilage health and repair.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Found in fish oil, omega-3 fatty acids help reduce any inflammation and support joint health.

Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation

Gentle massage and stretching exercises can help maintain joint flexibility, improve blood circulation, and reduce stiffness.

Water-based exercises, such as swimming or underwater treadmill sessions, also provide a low-impact way to strengthen muscles and improve joint mobility without putting additional stress on the joints. 

Weight Management and Diet

Special diets formulated for weight loss can help obese cats shed excess pounds, reducing the strain on their joints. These diets are typically lower in calories and higher in fiber to promote satiety.

Encouraging moderate, regular exercise can help maintain a healthy weight and improve joint health. Activities should be low-impact to avoid exacerbating joint pain.

Nutrition can also be a great way to support cats recovering from arthritis, or simply manage the symptoms of arthritis:

• Antioxidants: Diets rich in antioxidants can help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation in the joints.

• Joint Support Diets: Some commercial diets are specifically formulated to support joint health, containing added glucosamine, chondroitin, and omega-3 essential fatty acids.

Symptoms of Arthritis in Cats

Cats with arthritis may exhibit a range of clinical signs that can vary in severity. Some of the most common signs include:

1. Decreased Mobility

Arthritic cats often show reluctance or difficulty in performing activities that require physical exertion:

• Jumping: Cats may be unwilling or unable to jump onto furniture or countertops.

• Stairs: Difficulty climbing up or down stairs can be a noticeable sign.

• Litter Box: Some cats may avoid using the litter box if it has high sides or is located in an area that requires jumping or climbing.

2. Lameness

Lameness or limping is a direct indication of joint pain. Affected cats may favor one limb over another, particularly after periods of rest.

3. Behavioral Changes

Behavioral alterations due to chronic pain can include:

• Irritability: Cats may become more irritable or aggressive when handled.

• Withdrawal: A normally social cat might become more reclusive, avoiding interaction with family members.

• Decreased Grooming: Cats with painful joints may have difficulty grooming themselves.
• Weight Gain: Due to decreased activity levels, an arthritic cat may gain weight, which can further stress the joints.
• Changes in Posture: Many cats with arthritis tend to adopt unusual postures to alleviate pain, including:

• Hunched Back: A hunched or arched back can indicate discomfort.

• Stiff Gait: A stiff or stilted gait when walking.

• Difficulty Standing: Some cats may have trouble getting up from a lying or sitting position, often showing stiffness or hesitation.  

Diagnosis of Arthritis in Cats

Accurate diagnosis of arthritis in cats involves a combination of thorough clinical examination, diagnostic imaging, and sometimes laboratory tests. A thorough approach ensures that other conditions mimicking arthritis symptoms are ruled out.

1. Thorough Physical Examination

A veterinarian will conduct a comprehensive physical exam, focusing on:

• Mobility Assessment: Observing the cat's movement, gait, and ability to jump or climb.

• Palpation of Joints: Feeling the joints for swelling, heat, and pain, and assessing the range of motion.

• Muscle Condition: Evaluating muscle mass, especially around the affected joints, since muscle atrophy can signify disuse due to pain.

2. Diagnostic Imaging

Imaging techniques are crucial for visualizing the internal structure of joints and confirming the presence of arthritis:

• Radiographs (X-rays): X-rays can reveal radiographic signs of arthritis such as joint space narrowing, the presence of osteophytes (bone spurs), and bone remodeling.

• Advanced Imaging: In some cases, advanced imaging techniques like MRI or CT scans may be used to provide detailed images of the joint structures, particularly if soft tissue involvement is suspected.

3. Laboratory Tests

While not always necessary for diagnosing arthritis, laboratory tests can help rule out other conditions and assess overall health:

• Blood Tests: These can identify underlying systemic conditions that might contribute to joint pain, such as infections or inflammatory diseases.

• Joint Fluid Analysis: In some cases, analyzing the synovial fluid (fluid within the joint) can help diagnose specific types of arthritis, such as septic arthritis or immune-mediated arthritis.

4. Monitoring and Follow-Up

Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to monitor the progression of arthritis and the effectiveness of the treatment plan. Adjustments to the treatment protocol may be needed based on the cat's response and any changes in clinical signs.

The primary goals of treatment are to alleviate pain, improve joint function, and enhance the overall quality of life for the affected cat. Here are some comprehensive treatment options:

The Bottom Line

Managing arthritis requires a multifaceted approach encompassing various treatment plans, but relief from symptoms is definitely possible.

By addressing pain relief through medications like NSAIDs and analgesics, incorporating physical therapy, and focusing on weight management and nutritional support, veterinarians and pet owners can significantly improve the quality of life for cats suffering from this ailment.

With proper care, many arthritic cats can lead fulfilling lives, maintaining mobility and comfort despite their condition.

References

1. Williams, K., & Yuill, C. (n.d.). Degenerative joint disease in cats. VCA Animal Hospitals. Retrieved from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/degenerative-joint-disease-in-cats#:~:text=What%20is%20degenerative%20joint%20disease,or%20more%20of%20the%20joints

2. Klinck, M. P., Frank, D., Guillot, M., & Troncy, E. (2012). Owner-perceived signs and veterinary diagnosis in 50 cases of feline osteoarthritis. The Canadian veterinary journal = La revue veterinaire canadienne, 53(11), 1181–1186. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3474573/

3. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (2021, October 7). Osteoarthritis in cats: More common than you think. Retrieved from https://www.fda.gov/animal-veterinary/animal-health-literacy/osteoarthritis-cats-more-common-you-think

4. Colorado State University Veterinary Teaching Hospital. (n.d.). Arthritis management and prevention. Retrieved from https://vetmedbiosci.colostate.edu/vth/services/orthopedic-medicine/arthritis-management-and-prevention/