Can Dogs Have THC? | Understanding The Risks

THC, the psychoactive compound in cannabis, can be toxic to dogs, even in small amounts, causing symptoms like lethargy, vomiting, and in severe cases, seizures. While CBD is generally safe, it's important to ensure products are either THC-free or contain only trace amounts, as in full-spectrum CBD oils (below 0.3%).

Full-spectrum CBD is considered safe for dogs due to the minimal THC content and its enhanced therapeutic effects when combined with other cannabinoids. Always consult your veterinarian before introducing any CBD product to your dog’s routine for safety.

THC Oil for Dogs: Safety Overview

THC (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol) is the main psychoactive compound in marijuana and one of the 113 cannabinoids found in cannabis plants. It affects a dog's body by interacting with the endocannabinoid system.

The psychoactive effects of THC stem from its ability to mimic natural endocannabinoids in the brain, disrupting normal neural communication and creating the well-known "high".

When considering THC oil for dogs, it's important to differentiate between the trace amounts of THC in hemp (0.3% or less) and concentrated THC oil.

While THC levels found in hemp are generally well-tolerated by dogs, higher concentrations in marijuana or THC oil can be toxic. Full-spectrum CBD oils that contain trace amounts of THC (below 0.3%) are considered safe for dogs.

THC for Dogs: What You Need to Know

Medical cannabis products designed for humans often contain THC levels that are far too high for dogs. Even a small amount of these products can lead to THC exposure well beyond what's safe for your pet. Cannabis plants bred for human consumption typically contain THC levels ranging from 15-30%, which is extremely concentrated for dogs. Even "low THC" products marketed for humans can still pose serious risks to canines.

Can You Give Your Dog THC Gummies for Pain?

No, you should never give your dog THC gummies. THC is not known to reliably ease pain in dogs, and there are safer, more effective alternatives for pain relief. Always consult a veterinarian before administering any cannabis-based products to your pet.

Risks of THC Overdose in Dogs

Dogs have a higher concentration of cannabinoid receptors compared to humans, making them more sensitive to THC's effects. When exposed to THC, dogs can experience marijuana intoxication, which poses serious health risks such as vomiting, lethargy, loss of coordination, and even seizures.

Accidental Ingestion: How to Prevent THC Poisoning in Dogs

Accidental THC ingestion can be life-threatening for dogs. Common scenarios include:

• Edibles: THC-infused human foods like brownies, gummies, or other cannabis edibles contain dangerously high doses of THC. Always keep these products out of reach of pets.
• Discarded Marijuana Cigarettes: While walking your dog, be cautious of discarded cannabis cigarettes. Dogs may be tempted to chew on cigarette butts that contain marijuana residue.
• Improperly Stored Products: Ensure that cannabis oils, tinctures, and medical marijuana are securely stored and inaccessible to pets.
• Secondhand Smoke Exposure: Prolonged exposure to cannabis smoke in enclosed spaces can pose health risks to your dog, including respiratory issues and poisoning. Learn more.

Symptoms of THC Intoxication in Dogs

When your dog ingests THC, you may notice several symptoms. Look out for these signs of THC poisoning:

• Your dog may appear unusually tired or unresponsive.

• Your dog's pupils may dilate, making their eyes look larger than usual.

• Loss of bladder control is a common sign of THC intoxication in dogs.

• Your dog may have difficulty walking or may stumble.

• Vomiting is a way for your dog's body to expel the toxin.

• Muscle twitching or shaking can occur.

• In severe cases, your dog may experience convulsions.

These symptoms typically appear within minutes to hours after THC exposure and may last for several days. The severity depends on the amount of THC ingested and your dog's size—smaller dogs are more at risk due to their lower body weight.

If symptoms persist, it's crucial to contact your vet immediately. They can provide the necessary care and support to minimize the risks of further complications.

Treatment Options for THC Intoxication in Dogs

While prevention is always the best course of action, it's important to understand the treatment options for THC intoxication in dogs. The treatment primarily focuses on supportive care and symptom management. Here are the main treatment options:

1. Decontamination Procedures

If your dog ingests THC, your vet may induce vomiting within 1-2 hours of ingestion, provided your dog is not showing severe neurological symptoms. This can help remove any unabsorbed THC from the stomach. However, never attempt to induce vomiting at home without veterinary guidance.

Alternatively, your vet may administer activated charcoal to absorb remaining toxins in the digestive system. Multiple doses of activated charcoal can be given over several hours to prevent further THC absorption into the bloodstream.

2. Fluid Therapy

Intravenous (IV) fluid therapy is often used as supportive care for dogs with THC intoxication. It helps replenish lost fluids caused by excessive urination and vomiting. Additionally, IV fluids correct electrolyte imbalances that may occur as a result of THC poisoning.

IV fluids also support kidney function, assisting the body in flushing out toxins. The vet will tailor the IV treatment based on your dog's size, symptoms, and overall health condition.

3. Additional Supportive Measures

Along with core treatments, other supportive measures may be necessary depending on the severity of the intoxication:

4. Thermoregulation Support

Maintaining proper body temperature is essential during THC intoxication treatment. Your vet may adjust the room temperature, provide appropriate bedding, or use temperature-controlled recovery areas to ensure your dog's comfort and support their natural temperature regulation.

5. Nutritional Support

In cases of prolonged THC intoxication, nutritional support is crucial. If your dog is unable to eat, your vet may use feeding tubes or other assisted feeding methods to ensure your dog receives the necessary calories and nutrients to prevent malnutrition.

6. Urinary Catheterization

Sometimes, THC intoxication can affect a dog’s ability to urinate. In such cases, urinary catheterization may be needed to prevent bladder distension and associated complications.

7. Cardiovascular Support

In rare, severe cases of THC intoxication, dogs may experience cardiovascular issues. Your vet may need to administer medications to maintain normal cardiovascular function.

8. Physical Therapy

If your dog experiences prolonged symptoms from THC intoxication, gentle physical therapy may help prevent muscle wasting due to inactivity and maintain joint mobility.

What Are Safer Alternatives to THC Oil for Dogs?

Since THC oil poses significant risks to your pup, there are safer alternatives that may provide your dog with the potential health benefits without the dangers of marijuana intoxication.

CBD Oil for Dogs

CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-psychoactive compound found in cannabis plants, including hemp. Used in products like CBD oil for dogs, it’s often combined with oil carriers such as MCT (medium-chain triglyceride) oil. MCT oil, derived from coconut or palm kernel oil, is generally well-tolerated by dogs.

Research on CBD oil for dogs shows promising results, with many pet owners reporting benefits in areas such as mobility, relaxation, and overall well-being. While these findings are encouraging, it's important to consult your veterinarian before adding CBD to your dog's routine.

Hemp-Based Products

Hemp products, derived from the cannabis plant, contain less than 0.3% THC, making them safe for pets. Full-spectrum hemp oils, commonly used in dog products, include a range of cannabinoids such as CBD, terpenes, and flavonoids, all of which work together in what is known as the entourage effect.

In contrast, CBD isolates contain pure CBD with all other hemp compounds removed. This option is ideal for pet parents who prefer to focus on CBD's potential benefits without the presence of trace THC or other cannabinoids.

How Might Trace THC Support the Entourage Effect in Dogs?

The entourage effect is the theory that cannabinoids and other compounds in hemp work synergistically to enhance their effects. Although THC is typically associated with psychoactive effects, in trace amounts, it may help amplify the therapeutic potential of CBD and other compounds without causing any intoxication. Here's how:

1. Cannabinoid Synergy

Even in small amounts, THC can interact with cannabinoids like CBD, potentially enhancing their overall therapeutic effects for dogs.

2. Receptor Activation

Trace THC may activate cannabinoid receptors in the dog's endocannabinoid system, which could increase the effectiveness of other cannabinoids and terpenes.

3. Improved Bioavailability

Some research suggests that the presence of THC may increase the bioavailability of cannabinoids, making them more effective in supporting your dog's health.

What Other Compounds Contribute to the Entourage Effect?

In addition to trace THC, several other compounds in hemp work together to create the entourage effect. These compounds support various aspects of your dog's health, including joint health, digestion, and overall wellness:

CBD (Cannabidiol)

CBD may support joint health and contribute to balanced inflammatory responses. It has calming effects that can help dogs stay relaxed in stressful situations like travel or separation. It may also support digestive health and a normal appetite, while its anti-inflammatory properties promote healthy skin and a shiny coat.

Minor Cannabinoids

Minor cannabinoids like CBG (Cannabigerol) support normal inflammatory responses and help maintain a healthy appetite. Other cannabinoids like CBC (Cannabichromene) may contribute to cognitive function and promote a sense of calm in your dog.

Terpenes

Terpenes, aromatic compounds in hemp, contribute to the plant's scent and therapeutic properties. They support overall wellness in dogs by promoting calmness, maintaining muscle function, and supporting various other aspects of health. Key terpenes include myrcene, limonene, and pinene.

Flavonoids

Flavonoids are plant compounds with antioxidant properties. In hemp, they may support normal inflammatory responses, cardiovascular health, and overall wellness in dogs. Flavonoids like quercetin and kaempferol are particularly beneficial.

The Synergistic Interaction

The entourage effect reaches its full potential through the synergistic interaction of cannabinoids, terpenes, and flavonoids. For example, CBD and beta-caryophyllene may work together to support healthy inflammatory responses, while myrcene and linalool enhance CBD's calming effects. This interaction amplifies the benefits of full-spectrum hemp products for dogs.

How Does the Canine Endocannabinoid System Interact with These Compounds?

Dogs, like humans, have an endocannabinoid system with cannabinoid receptors throughout their bodies. This study explains how the entourage effect may influence the external cannabinoids interaction with this system. Below are the study's conclusions:

CB1 Receptors

CB1 receptors are found in the central nervous system of dogs, including the brain and spinal cord. The study explains that the interaction of cannabinoids with CB1 receptors may influence various physiological processes in dogs, including mood, memory, appetite, and pain perception.

While THC's strong binding to CB1 receptors can lead to intoxication, other cannabinoids may modulate CB1 receptor activity in ways that support normal neurological function without causing psychoactive effects.

CB2 Receptors

CB2 receptors are located in the immune system and peripheral tissues of dogs. This study indicates that these receptors may interact with a wide range of cannabinoids, including CBD, CBG, and CBC. Unlike CB1 receptors, CB2 receptors have a lower affinity for THC, meaning they're less likely to cause psychoactive effects.

The interaction of cannabinoids with CB2 receptors plays a significant role in modulating inflammatory responses and pain signaling in dogs. The entourage effect may enhance these interactions, potentially offering more comprehensive support for a dog's well-being through the collective action of various cannabinoids on CB2 receptors.

Conclusion: THC Oil is a No-Go

As a pet parent, you now know that marijuana affects dogs, and THC oil for dogs is not a safe choice. However, dog CBD and hemp-based products may provide the benefits your furry friend needs. Gradually increase your pet's cannabinoid dose, observe their response, and always consult your vet about the progress when giving CBD oil to your cat or dog.