Coughing in cats can be alarming for cat owners, especially when it persists or is accompanied by other symptoms. While a cat's cough might be a simple reaction to a minor irritant, it can also be indicative of more serious underlying conditions.
This guide will explore the various causes, symptoms, and treatments related to coughing in cats, providing valuable insights for maintaining your feline friend's good health.
Common Causes of Cat Coughing
Here are some of the most common causes of coughing in cats:
Respiratory Infections
These are a primary cause of coughing in cats. These infections may be bacterial, viral, or fungal and affect the respiratory tract. Common respiratory infections include feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus. Symptoms often accompanying the cough include a runny nose, sneezing, and fever.
Feline Asthma Attacks
Also referred to as feline allergic bronchitis, this is a condition where the feline's airways become inflamed and constricted due to an allergic reaction. Triggers include dust, pollen, cigarette smoke, and certain chemicals. Cats with asthma may exhibit symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, and labored breathing, especially during an asthma attack.
Parasitic Infections
These infections can cause coughing in cats, primarily through lung parasites or heartworm disease. These parasites invade the cat's lungs or heart, leading to persistent coughing and other severe symptoms. The lungworm and heartworm are the most common parasitic worms.
Heart Disease
Certain types of cardiac disease can lead to fluid accumulation in the lungs, causing a chronic cough. Congestive heart failure is a notable condition where the heart cannot pump efficiently, resulting in fluid buildup in the lungs (pulmonary edema) and subsequent coughing.
Lung Cancer
Although less common, this is a serious condition that may cause a persistent cough in cats. It is often accompanied by other symptoms such as loss of weight, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Early detection is crucial for managing the cancer.
Irritants
Irritants like dust, smoke, or chemicals can cause a cat to cough as the body attempts to expel the irritant from the respiratory tract. Inhaled objects such as grass blades or small particles may also trigger coughing.
Allergies
Allergic reactions to environmental factors such as pollen, mold, or certain foods can cause inflammation in the feline's airways, leading to coughing. Identifying and eliminating the allergen from the cat's environment is key to managing allergic reactions.
Nasopharyngeal Polyps
These are benign growths in the nasopharynx area that can obstruct airflow and cause a cat to cough. These polyps can also cause difficulty breathing, runny nose, and sneezing.
Inhaled Liquids
Cats can accidentally inhale liquids, which can irritate the respiratory tract and cause coughing. This could happen if a cat drinks too quickly or regurgitates food and inhales some of the liquid content.
Fungal Infections
Infections such as cryptococcosis can affect a cat's respiratory system, leading to coughing. These infections are usually more common in certain geographic areas and can be serious if not treated promptly.
Symptoms to Watch For in Cats that are Coughing
When your cat starts coughing, it’s important to observe them. Some common signs that indicate a need for veterinary attention include:
Chronic Cough: If a cat's cough persists for more than a few days or becomes more frequent, it warrants a vet visit.
Wet or Dry Cough: The nature of the cough can indicate different issues. A wet cough may suggest fluid in the lungs, while a dry cough might point to asthma or an infection.
Nasal Discharge: Accompanied by coughing, nasal discharge can indicate a respiratory infection.
Open-Mouth Breathing: Difficulty in breathing or open-mouth breathing is a serious sign that the cat is not getting enough oxygen.
Weight Loss: If you notice your cat coughing and suddenly losing weight, it may be indicative of a severe underlying condition such as lung cancer or heart disease.
Other Signs: Look for signs such as lethargy, loss of appetite, and wheezing, which may help in diagnosing the issue.
Diagnostic Tests
When a cat coughs persistently, it is essential to identify the underlying cause to provide the appropriate treatment. Veterinarians use a variety of diagnostic tests to determine why a cat is coughing, including:
1. Physical Examination
The purpose of a physical examination is to assess the overall health of the cat and identify any obvious signs of illness or distress. This involves the vet listening to the cat’s heart and lungs, checking for nasal or eye discharge, palpating the abdomen, and looking for signs of respiratory distress or other abnormalities.
2. X-rays (Radiographs)
These are used to visualize the cat’s lungs, heart, and other structures within the chest. They can reveal fluid buildup, tumors, lung infections, heart enlargement, and other abnormalities that might be causing the cat to cough.
3. Blood Tests
Blood tests assess the cat’s overall health and detect infections, inflammation, or systemic diseases. They measure white blood cell count, red blood cell count, and biochemical markers. Specific tests can also identify heartworm disease, fungal or bacterial infections, and other conditions.
4. Fecal Tests
Fecal tests check for the presence of parasites that might cause coughing, such as lungworms. A sample of the cat's feces is examined under a microscope to identify parasitic eggs or larvae.
5. Bronchoscopy
Bronchoscopy directly visualizes the airways and collects samples for further analysis. A small camera known as a bronchoscope is inserted into the cat’s airways under anesthesia, allowing the vet to see inside the lower respiratory tract and airways and take samples of tissue or mucus.
6. Tracheal Wash (Tracheobronchial Lavage)
A tracheal wash collects samples from the lower respiratory tract for analysis. A saline solution is flushed into the trachea and then suctioned out, bringing with it cells and microorganisms from the lower airways. This sample can be analyzed for infections, inflammatory cells, and cancer cells.
7. Ultrasound
Ultrasound provides detailed images of the cat’s chest and abdominal organs. It can help identify fluid buildup, masses, and other abnormalities that might not be visible on an X-ray.
8. Heartworm Test
A heartworm test detects the presence of heartworm disease. It involves a blood test specifically designed to detect heartworm antigens or antibodies in the bloodstream.
9. Fungal Culture
Fungal culture identifies infections that might be affecting the respiratory system. Samples of tissue, mucus, or other bodily fluids are cultured to see if fungi grow, indicating an infection.
10. CT Scan or MRI
CT scans or MRIs provide detailed images of the cat’s chest cavity and detect abnormalities not visible on standard X-rays. These advanced imaging techniques can be particularly useful in diagnosing tumors, foreign bodies, and other complex conditions.
11. Allergy Testing
Allergy testing identifies specific allergens that might be causing an allergic reaction leading to coughing. Skin tests or blood tests can determine if the cat has allergies to certain substances such as pollen, mold, or specific foods.
12. Cytology
Cytology examines cells from the respiratory tract under a microscope. Samples obtained through bronchoscopy, tracheal wash, or needle aspiration are analyzed for abnormal cells, which can indicate infections, inflammation, or cancer.
13. Lung Biopsy
A lung biopsy obtains a definitive diagnosis when other tests are inconclusive. A small piece of lung tissue is surgically removed and examined under a microscope, usually done when there is a suspicion of cancer or chronic inflammatory disease.
Treatment Options for a Cat Cough
Below are some common treatment options:
Antibiotics are used to treat secondary infections. If the cough is caused by bacterial infections such as pneumonia or bronchitis, antibiotics can help eliminate the infection.
Antiviral Medications combat viral infections. In cases where viral infections like feline herpesvirus or calicivirus are diagnosed, antiviral medications may be prescribed to reduce the severity and duration of symptoms.
Antifungal Medications treat fungal infections. Infections such as aspergillosis or cryptococcosis require specific antifungal drugs to clear the infection from the respiratory system.
Anti-parasitic medications eliminate parasitic infections. Medications like milbemycin or ivermectin can treat lungworms, heartworms, and other infections affecting the lower respiratory tract.
Corticosteroids reduce inflammation. Corticosteroids are commonly used to manage inflammation in cases of feline asthma or severe allergic reactions, helping to open the airways and ease breathing.
Bronchodilators relax and open the airways. These medications are used to treat asthma and other conditions that cause the airways to constrict, making it easier for the cat to breathe.
Cough Suppressants reduce coughing. In some cases, particularly if the cough is non-productive and persistent, cough suppressants can provide relief by reducing the frequency and severity of coughing.
Oxygen Therapy ensures the cat receives enough oxygen. For cats experiencing severe respiratory distress, supplemental oxygen can help stabilize them and provide immediate relief while other treatments take effect.
Fluid Therapy maintains hydration and supports recovery. Intravenous or subcutaneous fluids can help keep a cat hydrated, especially if they are not eating or drinking adequately due to illness.
Surgery removes obstructions or tumors. In cases where coughing is caused by tumors, foreign bodies, or benign growths, surgical intervention may be necessary to remove the obstruction and alleviate the effects.
Preventive Measures for Your Cat's Coughing
Here are some effective preventive measures to keep your feline friend healthy and reduce the risk of coughing:
Regular Veterinary Check-ups
Routine veterinary check-ups are essential for early detection and prevention of health issues that can cause coughing. Regular visits allow your vet to monitor your cat’s health, administer vaccines, and catch any potential problems before they become serious.
Vaccinations
Ensure your cat is up-to-date on vaccinations to prevent common respiratory infections. Vaccines for feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus, and Bordetella bronchiseptica can protect your cat from some of the most common causes of respiratory issues.
Parasite Control
Regular use of appropriate medications helps prevent infections caused by lungworms, heartworms, and other parasites. Consult your vet for a suitable parasite control regimen for your cat.
Air Quality
Maintain good air quality in your home by avoiding smoking, using air purifiers, and minimizing the use of harsh chemicals. Poor air quality can irritate your cat’s respiratory system and lead to coughing.
Clean Living Environment
Regularly clean your cat’s living environment, including litter boxes, bedding, and feeding areas. A clean environment reduces the risk of infections and exposure to allergens.
Proper Nutrition
Feed your cat a balanced and nutritious diet to support their immune system and overall health. A strong immune system can better fend off infections and reduce the likelihood of coughing.
Hydration
Ensure your cat has access to fresh water at all times. Proper hydration helps maintain healthy respiratory and immune systems.
Avoid Allergens
Identify and eliminate potential allergens in your cat’s environment. Common allergens include pollen, dust mites, mold, and certain foods. Using hypoallergenic cat litter can also help reduce respiratory irritation.
Manage Stress
Minimize stress in your cat’s life, as stress can weaken the immune system and make them more susceptible to infections. Provide a calm and safe environment, regular playtime, and plenty of affection.
Monitor Weight
Keep your cat at a healthy weight to prevent obesity-related respiratory issues. Overweight cats are at higher risk of developing respiratory problems and other health conditions.
Dental Care
Regular dental care, including professional cleanings and at-home dental hygiene, can prevent dental infections that may spread to the respiratory system.
Supportive Care supports overall health and recovery. Providing a warm, stress-free environment, ensuring proper nutrition, and keeping the cat comfortable can help support their recovery from respiratory issues.
The Bottom Line
The treatment of a coughing cat depends largely on the underlying cause. For mild cases, supportive care and minor medical interventions may suffice. However, more severe conditions require prompt medical attention and a comprehensive treatment plan. If the issue is caught early, most cats can recover fully with appropriate care. Monitoring your cat's symptoms and seeking veterinary advice if coughing persists is crucial.
In life-threatening situations, such as severe respiratory distress or underlying cardiac disease, contact your vet immediately to ensure your feline receives the necessary care. Regular check-ups and maintaining a healthy environment can prevent many causes of coughing, ensuring your cat's well-being and quality of life.
References
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Foster, S. F., Martin, P., Allan, G. S., Barrs, V. R., & Malik, R. (2004). Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: 21 cases (1995–2000). Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 6(3), 167-180. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2003.11.006
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Cornell University College of Veterinary Medicine. (n.d.). Feline calicivirus. Retrieved from https://www.vet.cornell.edu/departments-centers-and-institutes/baker-institute/research-baker-institute/feline-calicivirus
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Weir, M., Williams, K., & Yuill, C. (n.d.). Feline herpesvirus infection or feline viral rhinotracheitis. VCA Hospitals. Retrieved from https://vcahospitals.com/know-your-pet/feline-herpesvirus-infection-or-feline-viral-rhinotracheitis
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Foster, S. F., & Martin, P. (2011). Lower respiratory tract infections in cats: Reaching beyond empirical therapy. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, 13(5), 313-332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfms.2011.03.009
