In this article, we’ll cover the common causes of cat seizures, how to identify the symptoms, and what steps you should take if your cat experiences one. We also discuss some possible natural seizure management methods for cats in addition to the traditional options.
Seizures in cats are a serious health concern that can be frightening for any pet owner. They occur when there’s abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to convulsions or a loss of control over the body.
The severity and frequency of seizures can vary, and understanding their potential causes—from epilepsy to head trauma—is essential in making informed decisions about your cat’s care. If your cat is simply twitching in their sleep, review this guide to see if it's anything to be concerned about.
Understanding Seizures in Cats
Epileptic seizures in cats occur when there is abnormal electrical activity in the brain, leading to uncontrolled movements or loss of consciousness.
These seizures are often linked to epilepsy, a condition causing recurring episodes, though the exact cause may not always be clear. In some cases, epilepsy can be genetic, particularly in certain breeds, or develop due to head injuries, infections, or metabolic issues. There are a number of other reasons seizures could occur as well.
A seizure typically lasts 30 seconds to two minutes.
During seizures, your cat may:
- twitch
- drool
- stiffen
- fall over
Afterward, they may appear confused or disoriented. It's crucial to note that not all convulsions are seizures—conditions like poisoning or low blood sugar can cause similar symptoms.
If your cat has a seizure, stay calm and ensure their safety. Move any nearby objects that could cause harm and do not restrain them.
After the episode, record details such as duration, severity, and frequency to share with your vet. Although epilepsy cannot always be cured, treatment options like medication and lifestyle changes can help manage the condition and improve your cat’s well-being.
Common Types of Seizures in Cats
Seizures in cats can vary in severity and cause, but they typically fall into a few main categories. While seizures in felines are less common than in dogs, they can still occur due to underlying health conditions, epilepsy, or external triggers. Understanding the type of seizure your cat is experiencing can help you and your veterinarian determine the best course of action for managing their condition.
Generalized (Grand Mal) Seizures
Generalized seizures, also known as grand mal seizures, are the most recognizable and severe type. They affect the entire body and typically last between 30 to 90 seconds. During a generalized seizure, a cat may collapse, experience muscle convulsions, paddle their legs, and lose control of their bladder or bowels. These seizures can occur sporadically or in clusters, depending on the underlying cause. If your cat has stiff limbs, sudden violent tremors, or unconsciousness, they may be experiencing a generalized seizure.
Focal Seizures
Focal seizures, also known as partial seizures, originate in a specific part of the brain and only affect one area of the body. This may result in twitching in the face, excessive drooling, or sudden head jerking. These seizures are often brief, lasting a few seconds to a couple of minutes, and may progress into a generalized seizure if severe. If your cat suddenly develops strange facial movements, repeated blinking, or one-sided muscle spasms, it could indicate a focal seizure.
Psychomotor Seizures
Psychomotor seizures cause unusual and repetitive behaviors that may seem intentional but are actually involuntary. These may include sudden unprovoked aggression, frantic running in circles, attacking invisible objects, or excessive tail chasing. These seizures generally last a minute or less, but can be confusing for cat owners since they don’t resemble the typical convulsions seen in other seizures. If your cat suddenly exhibits odd behaviors that seem out of character and last for a short duration, they may be experiencing a psychomotor seizure.
Absence (Petit Mal) Seizures
Absence seizures, or petit mal seizures, are rare in cats but can still occur. These seizures are characterized by a brief loss of awareness rather than full-body convulsions. A cat experiencing an absence seizure may suddenly freeze, stare blankly, or appear disoriented for a few seconds before returning to normal. These episodes are typically very short, lasting less than 30 seconds. If your cat momentarily becomes unresponsive without any physical tremors, it may be a sign of an absence seizure.
Causes of Seizures in Cats
Seizures in cats can be triggered by a variety of underlying conditions, ranging from neurological disorders to external toxins. While seizures are less common in cats than in dogs, identifying the root cause is essential for proper management and treatment. Below are the most common causes of feline seizures and how they can impact your cat’s health.
Idiopathic Epilepsy
Idiopathic epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which a cat experiences recurring seizures without an identifiable cause. This condition is rare in cats, but when present, it often develops in young to middle-aged felines. These seizures can vary in severity and frequency, sometimes occurring in clusters or sporadically over time. If your cat has frequent seizures with no clear medical explanation, idiopathic epilepsy may be the cause. Diagnosis typically involves ruling out other conditions through blood tests, imaging, and neurological exams.
Toxins and Poisoning
Exposure to toxins is one of the most common causes of seizures in cats. Certain household substances, including pesticides, antifreeze, certain essential oils, and human medications like acetaminophen or antidepressants, can be highly toxic to felines. Poison-related seizures often occur suddenly and may be accompanied by drooling, vomiting, tremors, or lethargy. If you suspect your cat has ingested a toxic substance, immediate veterinary care is required.
Brain Tumors or Trauma
Brain tumors, whether benign or malignant, can interfere with normal brain function and lead to seizures. Tumors are more common in older cats, and seizures may develop gradually as the tumor grows. In addition to seizures, affected cats may show symptoms like behavioral changes, circling, head tilting, or difficulty walking. A head injury from a fall or accident can also result in neurological damage, leading to seizures. If a cat develops seizures suddenly after trauma or exhibits persistent neurological symptoms, a brain abnormality may be the cause.
Infectious Diseases and Parasites
Certain infections that affect the central nervous system can lead to seizures in cats. Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), toxoplasmosis, and viral infections like feline leukemia virus (FeLV) or feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) can contribute to neurological inflammation and trigger seizures. These conditions often present with additional symptoms such as fever, lethargy, loss of coordination, or weight loss. Bloodwork and specialized testing are usually needed to confirm an infectious cause.
Metabolic Disorders and Organ Dysfunction
Seizures can also stem from systemic health issues such as liver or kidney disease. Hepatic encephalopathy, a condition caused by liver failure, can lead to toxin buildup in the bloodstream, affecting brain function and triggering seizures. Chronic kidney disease may also result in electrolyte imbalances or high blood pressure, which can contribute to neurological symptoms. Cats with metabolic-related seizures often display additional signs like increased thirst, vomiting, or appetite changes. Regular blood tests and organ function assessments can help detect these underlying conditions.
Treatment for Cat Seizures: Management & Lifestyle
Seizure management in cats often requires a combination of medications, lifestyle changes, and dietary support to help reduce frequency and severity. Veterinarians commonly prescribe phenobarbital or potassium bromide, which must be administered long-term and carefully monitored for effectiveness. Regular veterinary check-ups are essential to ensure the correct dosage and to adjust treatment as needed. In some cases, additional medications may be introduced if seizures persist or worsen over time.
Beyond traditional medications, some pet owners explore natural remedies alongside veterinary care. CBD oil has been considered by some as a potential aid, though research on its effectiveness in cats is still developing. Omega-3 fatty acids and other brain-supporting supplements may also be beneficial. Maintaining a calm, stress-free environment is key, as excessive stress can sometimes trigger seizures. Providing a predictable routine and limiting exposure to loud noises or sudden changes can help keep a cat more comfortable.
Diet and lifestyle adjustments play a crucial role in overall well-being and seizure management. Feeding a balanced, high-quality diet ensures proper nutrient intake, while regular, moderate exercise can help reduce stress. For cats with severe or tumor-related seizures, surgical intervention may be an option, though it is rarely required. Consulting with a veterinarian is essential to determine the best course of action based on the underlying cause of the seizures and the cat’s individual needs.
Conclusion
In summary, feline seizures are relatively common and most of them can be managed with continued care. While there is no cure for seizures in cats, there are ways you can maintain your cat's quality of life.
Always discuss your cat's seizures with your veterinarian before making any decisions about their treatment.
